Numerical Analysis of Groundwater Ridging Processes Considering Water‐Air Flow in a Hillslope          下载免费PDF全文

Yong Ge Zang  Dong Mei Sun  Ping Feng  Stephan Semprich 《Ground water》2018,56(4):594-609

In this study, a water‐air two‐phase flow model was employed to investigate the formation, extension, and dissipation of groundwater ridging induced by recharge events in a hypothetical hillslope‐riparian zone, considering interactions between the liquid and gas phases in soil voids. The simulation results show that, after a rain begins, the groundwater table near the stream is elevated instantaneously and significantly, thereby generating a pressure gradient driving water toward both the stream (the discharge of groundwater to the stream) and upslope (the extension of groundwater ridging into upslope). Meanwhile, the airflow upslope triggered by the advancing wetting front moves downward gradually. Therefore, the extension of groundwater ridging into upslope and the downward airflow interact within a certain region. After the rain stops, groundwater ridging near the stream declines quickly while the airflow in the lower part of upslope is still moving into the hillslope. Thus, the airflow upslope mitigates the dissipation of groundwater ridging. Additionally, the development of groundwater ridging under different conditions, including rain intensity, intrinsic permeability, capillary fringe height, and initial groundwater table, was analyzed. Changes in intrinsic permeability affect the magnitude of groundwater ridging near the stream, as well as the downward speed of airflow, thereby generating highly complex responses. The capillary fringe is not a controlling factor but an influence factor on the formation of groundwater ridging, which is mainly related to the antecedent moisture. It was demonstrated that groundwater ridging also occurs where an unsaturated zone occurs above the capillary fringe with a subsurface lateral flow.  相似文献   

辽宁省海洋文化景观概述          下载免费PDF全文

于大涛  孙倩  姜恒志  高范  梁淼 《海洋开发与管理》2018,35(4):60-62

文章介绍海洋文化景观的属性、定义和构成;将辽宁省海洋文化景观资源分为海洋物质文化景观和非物质文化景观2个大类,其中海洋物质文化景观包括海洋自然文化景观、海洋遗迹文化景观、海洋聚落文化景观、海洋宗教文化景观、海洋旅游文化景观和海洋设施景观,海洋非物质文化景观包括海洋历史文化景观、海洋民俗文化景观和海洋艺术文化景观,分别概述具体类别资源的代表内容;提出可采用模糊综合评价法评价辽宁省海洋文化景观,研究海洋文化景观对于海洋文化建设和提高海洋意识等具有重要意义。  相似文献   

底泥就地稳定化中零价铁(Fe⁰)对有机污染物的作用及其对上覆水体水质的影响     

章萍  相明雪  马若男  刘强  葛刚  钱光人 《湖泊科学》2018,30(5):1218-1224

在实验室模拟静态湖泊体系条件下,通过向实际底泥中投加零价铁(Fe~0),考察反应前后底泥中有机物数量、种类、总有机质含量以及上覆水体溶解氧(DO)浓度、氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH和化学需氧量(CODCr)浓度等指标的变化,探讨Fe~0对底泥有机物的降解效果以及对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,投加Fe~0处理80 d后,(1)经GC-MS检测出底泥中易被降解的小分子有机物(分子量小于200)数量明显增多,底泥总有机去除率为44%.(2)上覆水体的DO浓度、Eh和pH都有不同程度的变化.DO浓度从6.6 mg/L迅速下降至0.2 mg/L,Eh从150 mV左右下降至74 mV,pH升高至8.4,此体系易形成厌氧环境;且上覆水体中CODCr低于纯底泥-水体系,上覆水中DO浓度、Eh及pH与CODCr浓度具有一定相关性.综上,底泥中投加Fe~0可有效降解有机物,且不会对上覆水体产生持久、较大的影响.  相似文献   

气候变化下基于物种与植物耦联机制的小白额雁(Anser erythropus)潜在生境及适宜性研究--以长江流域中下游为例     

向伶  高翔  彭玉辉  梁婕 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,11(2):140-149

气候变化和人类活动通过改变物种生境而影响物种多样性。小白额雁是长江流域中下游的一种具有较高生态价值的食草型濒危候鸟,受气候变化和人类活动威胁。本文以小白额雁为代表性物种,定量分析了气候变化对长江流域中下游候鸟潜在生境及适宜性空间分布格局的影响。采用Maxent模型模拟了当前情景和全球环流模型(GCMs)气候场景下小白额雁潜在生境及其适宜性分布。研究结果表明,小白额雁分布特征与其栖息地周边植物分布呈显著相关关系;运用Maxent模型模拟小白额雁六种主要食源植物的分布特征,并将其结果作为环境变量,将显著改善小白额雁潜在生境及其适宜性模型的模拟性能;在两种典型浓度情景(RCP 2.6和RCP8.5)下,2070年小白额雁潜在生境适宜性面积将下降。为应对气候变化对小白额雁的影响,应采取更加合理的管理措施和保护政策,包括调整保护区的大小、形状和用途。  相似文献   

Loading protocols for experimental seismic qualification of members in conventional and emerging steel frames     

Cheng Fang  Yiwei Ping  Yiyi Chen 《地震工程与结构动力学》2020,49(2):155-174

Quasi-static testing is one of the most commonly used experimental methods for examining the seismic performance of structural members. However, consistent loading protocols for experimental seismic qualification of members in emerging steel frames such as self-centering braced frames (SCBFs) as well as in some conventional ones including buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are still lacking. This paper aims to propose standardized loading protocols based on time-history dynamic analysis on a series of prototype building frames, including steel SCBFs, BRBFs, and moment-resisting frames (MRFs), where both far-field and near-fault earthquakes are considered. The methodology for the development of the loading protocols involves ground motion selection and scaling, design and analysis of prototype buildings, analysis results processing, and rainflow cycle counting, together with extra justification steps. The proposed loading protocols are consistently derived based on the MCE-level seismic hazard and 84^th percentile values of key seismic demand parameters. These parameters are number of damaging cycles N_t, maximum inter-story drift θ_max, inter-story drift range Δθ_i, sum of inter-story drift range ΣΔθ_i, and residual inter-story drift θ_r. The analysis confirms the variations in these seismic demands imposed on the different structural systems under different types of ground motions, highlighting the necessity of developing separate loading protocols for the different cases. The assumptions, decisions, and judgments made during the development of the loading protocols are elaborated, and the conditions and restrictions are outlined. The rationality of the proposed loading protocols is further justified through demonstrating the cumulative distribution function and energy dissipation demand of the systems.  相似文献   

Numerical Study of Tide-Induced Airflow and Salt–Fresh Water Dynamics in Unconfined Aquifers     

Yong G. Zang  Dong M. Sun  Ping Feng 《Ground water》2020,58(4):535-549

This study employed a coupled water-air two-phase flow and salt water transport model to analyze the behaviors of generated airflow in unsaturated zones and the fluctuations of salinity at the salt–fresh water interface in a two-layered unconfined aquifer with a sloping beach surface subjected to tidal oscillations. The simulation results show that as the new dynamic steady state including effects of tidal fluctuations is reached through multiple tidal cycles, the dispersion zone in the lower salt water wedge is broadened because fresh water/salt water therein flows continuously landward or seaward during tidal cycles. The upper salt–fresh water interface exhibits more vulnerable to the tidal fluctuations, and the variation of salinity therein is periodic, which is irrelevant to the hydraulic head but is influenced by the direction and velocity of surrounding water-flow. With the tidal level fluctuating, airflow is mainly concentrated in the lower permeable layer due to the restraint of the upper semi-permeable layer, and the time-lag between the pore-air pressure and the tidal level increases with distance from the coastline. The effect of airflow in unsaturated zones can be transmitted downward, causing both the magnitude of salinity and its amplitude in the upper salt–fresh water interface to be smaller for the case with airflow than without airflow due to the resistance of airflow to water-flow. Sensitivity analysis reveal that distributions of airflow in unsaturated zones are affected by the permeability of the upper/lower layer and the van Genuchten parameter of the lower layer, not by the van Genuchten parameter of the upper layer, whereas the salinity fluctuations in the salt–fresh water interface are affected only by soil parameters of the lower layer.  相似文献   

水下发射超空泡射弹对UUV平台姿态影响分析     

魏平  侯健  鲁春佳  赵泽鹏  荣里 《数字海洋与水下攻防》2020,3(3):230-235

超空泡射弹武器能够突破普通射弹水中运动极限，有效打击水雷等水下目标。针对水下发射超空泡射弹武器的平台适应性开展了初步研究，建立了超空泡射弹武器及 UUV 搭载平台仿真模型，计算分析了水下超空泡射弹武器在不同方位、不同角度发射时 UUV 平台姿态角的变化，得到了水下发射超空泡射弹对 UUV 平台姿态的影响规律，为水下超空泡射弹武器系统及其平台适配性研究提供了依据。  相似文献   

南海北部东沙天然气水合物区浮游植物生物量和生产力粒级结构特征及其环境影响分析     

康建华  梁前勇  王建军  林毅力  何雪宝  夏真  郑新庆  王雨 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(1):97-107

本文讨论了2013年5月南海东沙天然气水合物区浮游植物生物量和生产力粒级结构特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明，研究海域表现出典型的低营养盐、低叶绿素a、低生产力特征，浮游植物叶绿素a和初级生产力具有明显的次表层最大值现象。东沙海域生物量和初级生产力粒级结构差异性显著，从生物量和生产力贡献度来看，表现为微微型浮游植物> 微型浮游植物> 小型浮游植物。生物量的垂直分布结果表明，春季不同粒级类群浮游植物在真光层内的分布存在明显不同，比如小型浮游植物在真光层内分布较均匀；微型浮游植物则主要分布于近表层或真光层中部，而微微型浮游植物则主要分布于真光层中部和底部。微微型浮游植物在纬度较低的热带贫营养海区之所以能够占主导优势，最主要的原因是其极小的细胞体积和较大的表面积使其有利于营养竞争。相关性分析表明，南海东沙浮游植物各粒级生物量与温度、pH显著正相关，与硅酸盐、磷酸盐显著负相关；浮游植物各粒级生产力与温度显著正相关，与盐度、磷酸盐显著负相关。磷酸盐含量是影响东沙海域浮游植物粒级结构差异的重要因素之一，同时，光辐照度和水体的真光层深度对东沙天然气水合物区不同粒径浮游植物的垂直分布起着更为重要的调控作用。  相似文献   

基于几何形态测量学的四种滨螺形态差异与系统发生关系研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈楠桦  梁仁杰  白义  王海瑞 《海洋与湖沼》2018,49(6):1365-1374

运用几何形态测量学方法研究浙江省大陈岛海域常见的4种滨螺间的形态关系。对4种滨螺的壳口、螺体分别进行数字化标点,经叠印分析、主成分分析(PCA)和薄片样条法分析,获得4种滨螺在壳口和螺体上的差异,并进一步分析其形态特征与潮间带环境适应性关系。PCA结果表明四种滨螺壳口间差异在主成分轴上无法有效分开,而螺体间差异在主成分轴上能有效分开,说明壳口特征在不同滨螺间不具有规律性差异。螺体的PCA中PC1轴可以将短滨螺与其他3种滨螺区分,薄片样条法分析显示差异的部位主要在体螺层的宽度和螺体的高度间,PC2轴可以将粒结节滨螺与其他3种滨螺分开,薄片样条法分析显示差异部位主要是体螺层之上第一层以及体螺层之间。基于螺体特征的4种滨螺亲缘关系分析表明粗糙滨螺与塔结节滨螺亲缘关系最近,其次为短滨螺,粒结节滨螺最不相近。运用特征追踪法对螺层和螺肋特征追踪,结果表明螺层6层,螺肋密生是滨螺的祖先特征,后来演化出7层和8层的螺层特征以及颗粒状突起的螺肋特征。  相似文献   

基于地理坐标的海洋环境监测站位代码设计          下载免费PDF全文

程玲  张娟  何健龙  付萍  于广磊  宋秀凯  刘爱英 《海洋开发与管理》2018,35(8):41-43

为解决目前我国海洋环境监测站位编码不统一、不唯一和不稳定等问题,提高监测数据应用水平和海洋信息化能力,文章参考我国渔区编码规则,基于海洋环境监测站位的地理坐标设计站位代码,并以山东省海域为例具体说明。海洋环境监测站位代码由监测区、监测小区和监测点3个部分组成8位阿拉伯数字,将海域按经、纬度各30′划分监测区并顺序编码0000~9999(第1~4位),将每个监测区按经、纬度各3′划分监测小区并顺序编码00~99(第5~6位),将每个监测小区按经、纬度各0.3′划分监测点并顺序编码00~99(第7~8位)。该代码设计规则仅与监测站位的地理坐标相关,具有统一性、唯一性和稳定性,且容量较大,可满足我国海洋环境趋势性监测和绝大部分海洋环境业务化监测的需要。  相似文献